2000 TL Trans Fluid Choices
I'll link to it when I get home. The 2nd gen switches are $10 more each than the 3rd gen. They do look different too, 2nd gen has a larger opening on the pressure side but threads and I *think* the plugs are the same.
I did it today but had a hiccup. The dealer only had one of the switches. So I did a 2x2 drain and fill with type F fluid and replaced just the one switch. I thought I was putting it in the 3rd gear slot but I might've done the 4th gear one by mistake.
A little history on this '99 TL. This is the first one I've personally done the switches on. Every gear was sloppy. There was a huge flare on the 2-3 and 3-4 shift. It's like 2nd releases, about a second goes by and then 3rd applies. Same with the 3-4. Takes about 1.5 to 2 seconds for the shift to happen. It flared by about 1,500rpm between these gears. I was worried it might be past the point of no return. Did the one switch and a 2x2 of type F fluid.
It was immediately better. With the Type F fluid it takes a while to completely work. It has to reach the clutches and then wash the left over FM of the Z1 off the clutch face. Once the Z1 is out of there, the difference starts to be noticed.
So we go for a drive. 1-2 felt the same on the first shift but by the 3rd to 4th 1-2 shift it felt great. There was still the huge flare on the 2-3 shift. 3-4 was MUCH better, almost normal. I drove it around in manual mode going between 2-3-4 gears over and over. As it sits, the 3-4 is 100% normal and as good as factory new. 1-2 is normal except it shifts a little late still (high rpms) but I can live with that. 2-3 still has a small flare but 1,000% better than it was.
This car was scary to drive too far from home because the flare was so terrible it felt like it was going to fail any moment. $140 later it feels completely normal except for a very slight 2-3 flare which some people wouldn't even notice. I think I accidentally put the new switch in the 4th gear hole instead of the 3rd gear hole especially because the 3-4 shift was instantly better before the fluid could even get to it. The type F fluid seems to have greatly improved the shift even without the switch. The other switch will be in on Tuesday so I expect this trans to be 100% fixed.
I will take pictures of everything then. We were really pressed for time today. I spent less than 20 minutes from start to finish excluding test drives.
If a couple members of Acurazine can find the cure in less than a year of searching, something is wrong here. How did all of these bright Honda engineers not come up with this? It pisses me off to no end to see how simple it is and I can't help to think that if some redneck can come up with this, Honda had to have known all along.
A little history on this '99 TL. This is the first one I've personally done the switches on. Every gear was sloppy. There was a huge flare on the 2-3 and 3-4 shift. It's like 2nd releases, about a second goes by and then 3rd applies. Same with the 3-4. Takes about 1.5 to 2 seconds for the shift to happen. It flared by about 1,500rpm between these gears. I was worried it might be past the point of no return. Did the one switch and a 2x2 of type F fluid.
It was immediately better. With the Type F fluid it takes a while to completely work. It has to reach the clutches and then wash the left over FM of the Z1 off the clutch face. Once the Z1 is out of there, the difference starts to be noticed.
So we go for a drive. 1-2 felt the same on the first shift but by the 3rd to 4th 1-2 shift it felt great. There was still the huge flare on the 2-3 shift. 3-4 was MUCH better, almost normal. I drove it around in manual mode going between 2-3-4 gears over and over. As it sits, the 3-4 is 100% normal and as good as factory new. 1-2 is normal except it shifts a little late still (high rpms) but I can live with that. 2-3 still has a small flare but 1,000% better than it was.
This car was scary to drive too far from home because the flare was so terrible it felt like it was going to fail any moment. $140 later it feels completely normal except for a very slight 2-3 flare which some people wouldn't even notice. I think I accidentally put the new switch in the 4th gear hole instead of the 3rd gear hole especially because the 3-4 shift was instantly better before the fluid could even get to it. The type F fluid seems to have greatly improved the shift even without the switch. The other switch will be in on Tuesday so I expect this trans to be 100% fixed.
I will take pictures of everything then. We were really pressed for time today. I spent less than 20 minutes from start to finish excluding test drives.
If a couple members of Acurazine can find the cure in less than a year of searching, something is wrong here. How did all of these bright Honda engineers not come up with this? It pisses me off to no end to see how simple it is and I can't help to think that if some redneck can come up with this, Honda had to have known all along.
Hey, i started this dam thread a while back, been driving with Z1 in my 2000 TL I replaced the 3/4 switches and saw a slight improvement now things are going crappy again..there is shudder pretty often and there is flare..i deal with it by letting off accel just before it shifts...this makes it smooth and everything. I wanted to switch to non-FM stuff you said you were using in 3rd gen TLs long ago but you also said you were not sure if it would work in 2nd gens.....so is this confirmed to work now???? Any difference if it is 2000 5 speed instead of 4 speed 99??? Also what fluid specifically? -thanks
Many companies label Type F as "racing" or something of that nature. Amsoil calls it "super shift". Redline calls it "racing" or "lightweight racing" depending on which one you want. B&M calls it "trick shift" Royal Purple calls it "racing atf".
"Type F" specifies the lack of friction modifiers. Besides that, you can get it in dino, synthetic, thick, thin, etc.
The '99 I did a while back is still going strong. It was so bad that I told the owner this would not fix it but he might be able to limp it around a little longer until he got the money for a rebuild. It shifts better than stock right now.
I don't want to tell anyone that it will for sure fix a severe shudder and flare. Each time the trans shudders it wears the clutches excessively. Shudder is the clutches trying to grab, then slip, then grab again quickly. That's what you're feeling. Auto trans clutches aren't designed to slip for more than a few milliseconds. The excessive slippage of the shudder and flare are causing a ton of wear and some damage is done. However, if there's still some clutch lining left and the surface is not seriously hurt, the type F along with switches will nearly stop the clutch wear. If you did this from the time it was new, the trans would be the last thing you would have to worry about failing.
Anyone worried about shifts getting too harsh, they won't. But it you're really worried, do a single drain and fill and drive it around for a week or so. The largest change I experienced was the first one. The second brought slightly quicker shifts that surprisingly I could feel even less.
Ok, awesomness.
I wish i knew this earlier, it shudders now but 80% of the time it will shift fine, a little late but smooth. I can make it shift good 99.9% of the time with proper throtling but thats slowly pissing me off. Also it shifts perfect in Sport Shift mode.
I think changing the pressure switches helped it shift quicker gear-to-gear as in not delayed as it was but it didnt help with clutch slipping/shudder or flare. So im gonna get them to drain it and fill with Redline stuff....that way its about 50/50 old and new.
So, just to confirm/clarify you put Redline racing fluid in the 99 TL.???
P.S. I appreciate the help you have probably explained the clutch/fluid thing hundreds of times as far as i can tell from the forums.
.
I wish i knew this earlier, it shudders now but 80% of the time it will shift fine, a little late but smooth. I can make it shift good 99.9% of the time with proper throtling but thats slowly pissing me off. Also it shifts perfect in Sport Shift mode.
I think changing the pressure switches helped it shift quicker gear-to-gear as in not delayed as it was but it didnt help with clutch slipping/shudder or flare. So im gonna get them to drain it and fill with Redline stuff....that way its about 50/50 old and new.
So, just to confirm/clarify you put Redline racing fluid in the 99 TL.???
P.S. I appreciate the help you have probably explained the clutch/fluid thing hundreds of times as far as i can tell from the forums.
.
Last edited by Sanyin; Jan 21, 2011 at 11:41 PM. Reason: Additional info
Ok, awesomness.
I wish i knew this earlier, it shudders now but 80% of the time it will shift fine, a little late but smooth. I can make it shift good 99.9% of the time with proper throtling but thats slowly pissing me off. Also it shifts perfect in Sport Shift mode.
I think changing the pressure switches helped it shift quicker gear-to-gear as in not delayed as it was but it didnt help with clutch slipping/shudder or flare. So im gonna get them to drain it and fill with Redline stuff....that way its about 50/50 old and new.
I wish i knew this earlier, it shudders now but 80% of the time it will shift fine, a little late but smooth. I can make it shift good 99.9% of the time with proper throtling but thats slowly pissing me off. Also it shifts perfect in Sport Shift mode.
I think changing the pressure switches helped it shift quicker gear-to-gear as in not delayed as it was but it didnt help with clutch slipping/shudder or flare. So im gonna get them to drain it and fill with Redline stuff....that way its about 50/50 old and new.
The Type F fluid will make an immediate difference in shift quality but since the clutches are not directly fed with oil you have to work it in a bit. I took the '99 out and manually shifted it 2-3, 3-4, and back down again over and over and then I put it back in auto every now and then to see the results. After about 5 trips around the block doing this it was an amazing difference. It's like the old slippery FM has to be rinsed out of the clutch faces and the good fluid soaked in. You don't have to do this procedure but it will speed up the results.
This stuff will drastically cut down on clutch pack temps. A reduction in slippage makes a huge difference in temps. I read the entire report on the 2nd gen failures and to me it was a bunch of BS and inconclusive. There was a legit 2nd gear lube issue with the gears themselves but nothing else made sense. Everything pointed to excessive clutch slippage and wear which is what made me start looking at the electronics and fluid. Obviously the mechanical failures were the end result of bad switches and a fluid with too much FM causing the slip, wear, and heat.
They seemed to want to concentrate on the effects (excessive heat) rather than the causes (slippage).
The thing you will notice is after a few drains and fills is you will eventually have little to no metal on the magnet. Mine shed a ton of metal with Z1. Luckily I got that out of there at 20,000 miles. I used Amsoil ATD which is a Dex III equivalent fluid for about 50,000 miles. It has less FM than Z1 but obvioiusly more than Type F. This cut down the metal on my drain plug magnet by about half. I just changed my Type F Redline out after nearly 30,000 miles and there's absolutely nothing on the magnet. Fluid stayed perfecty cherry red for the entire interval. It seems like both clutch and metal wear virtually stops with this stuff. When I checked the dipstick, there's nothing but trans fluid on it. Normally when you pull it out and wipe it on a white towel you see the darkness of clutch material on it. This is no longer happening.
Since clutch wear is cut down considerably as is hard part wear and with the great base oil of the Redline and new pressure switches, you can actually *safely* follow Acura's change intervals without it causing excessive wear as it did with Z1. I think this fluid combo will go an easy 100,000 miles but I'm not sure if I want to test that theory yet.
It's really too bad what happened to the 2g when it's such an easy fix. This won't be able to fix all of them but if this fluid was used from the factory, it would have eliminated these things would never have had the shudder and flare problems. The 2nd gear lockup probably would have happened. I still wonder how much of that lockup was caused by excessive clutch material and crap plugging up the filter though.
I'm half asleep so I hope this makes sense. I probably could have said the same thing in half the words.
I thought I would mention since you're in Canada that in very cold climates you need a mixture if you go with the Redline.
Z1 is 7cSt when hot. Redline Racing is 10cSt when hot. Redline lightweight racing is 4cSt when hot. It's not a huge difference and it won't hurt a thing to run it without mixing but if you want near stock viscosity, 2 quarts of the racing and one of the lightweight will get you pretty close. They're both Type F, only the viscosity is changed.
I know this can be confusing but keep in mind it's really not that important unless you live in a seriously cold area. Most people don't mix but some do.
Z1 is 7cSt when hot. Redline Racing is 10cSt when hot. Redline lightweight racing is 4cSt when hot. It's not a huge difference and it won't hurt a thing to run it without mixing but if you want near stock viscosity, 2 quarts of the racing and one of the lightweight will get you pretty close. They're both Type F, only the viscosity is changed.
I know this can be confusing but keep in mind it's really not that important unless you live in a seriously cold area. Most people don't mix but some do.
Ok, awesomness.
I wish i knew this earlier, it shudders now but 80% of the time it will shift fine, a little late but smooth. I can make it shift good 99.9% of the time with proper throtling but thats slowly pissing me off. Also it shifts perfect in Sport Shift mode.
I think changing the pressure switches helped it shift quicker gear-to-gear as in not delayed as it was but it didnt help with clutch slipping/shudder or flare. So im gonna get them to drain it and fill with Redline stuff....that way its about 50/50 old and new.
So, just to confirm/clarify you put Redline racing fluid in the 99 TL.???
P.S. I appreciate the help you have probably explained the clutch/fluid thing hundreds of times as far as i can tell from the forums.
.
I wish i knew this earlier, it shudders now but 80% of the time it will shift fine, a little late but smooth. I can make it shift good 99.9% of the time with proper throtling but thats slowly pissing me off. Also it shifts perfect in Sport Shift mode.
I think changing the pressure switches helped it shift quicker gear-to-gear as in not delayed as it was but it didnt help with clutch slipping/shudder or flare. So im gonna get them to drain it and fill with Redline stuff....that way its about 50/50 old and new.
So, just to confirm/clarify you put Redline racing fluid in the 99 TL.???
P.S. I appreciate the help you have probably explained the clutch/fluid thing hundreds of times as far as i can tell from the forums.
.I thought I would mention since you're in Canada that in very cold climates you need a mixture if you go with the Redline.
Z1 is 7cSt when hot. Redline Racing is 10cSt when hot. Redline lightweight racing is 4cSt when hot. It's not a huge difference and it won't hurt a thing to run it without mixing but if you want near stock viscosity, 2 quarts of the racing and one of the lightweight will get you pretty close. They're both Type F, only the viscosity is changed.
I know this can be confusing but keep in mind it's really not that important unless you live in a seriously cold area. Most people don't mix but some do.
Z1 is 7cSt when hot. Redline Racing is 10cSt when hot. Redline lightweight racing is 4cSt when hot. It's not a huge difference and it won't hurt a thing to run it without mixing but if you want near stock viscosity, 2 quarts of the racing and one of the lightweight will get you pretty close. They're both Type F, only the viscosity is changed.
I know this can be confusing but keep in mind it's really not that important unless you live in a seriously cold area. Most people don't mix but some do.
The temp outside right now is -20C and it ranges from -30C to +35/40C so i gotta take a look into this. When i drive for about 1.5h i do notice that the trans performance kind of goes to crap no matter what...im assuming because of the change in fluid viscosity when hot.
So im draining everything that will come out which will be about half of the total fluid. How much total fluid fits?
2 quarts Redline Racing
1 quart Redline Lightweight racing
if the above is half then the rest will be Z1 and in total I get:
50% Z1
17% Redline Lightweight Racing
33% Redline Racing
Also yes, i will make sure i report in with what happens ill make notes.
Part of the problem is when hot is FM can get "more slippery". This is part of the reason it's so bad. The harder you work the trans, the less holding power the stock fluid will give you. The non FM fluid will make it more consistent for sure. It will always shift harder when cold and softer when hot but it won't be a large of a gap.
Part of the problem is when hot is FM can get "more slippery". This is part of the reason it's so bad. The harder you work the trans, the less holding power the stock fluid will give you. The non FM fluid will make it more consistent for sure. It will always shift harder when cold and softer when hot but it won't be a large of a gap.
Having a thicker fluid won't affect the way my car starts up just the initial shifting while cold...if its harsh but not bad for my trans i dont care.
As well as redline or what?
It says high torque applications (monster trucks)..so this is no prob?
And it says non-slip im assuming no F-Modifiers as you suggested?
The Kinematic Viscosity is about the same as Z1 7.1cSt so thats good.
It says high torque applications (monster trucks)..so this is no prob?
And it says non-slip im assuming no F-Modifiers as you suggested?
The Kinematic Viscosity is about the same as Z1 7.1cSt so thats good.
Would be great to have more 2G owners chime in. It'll be a few days till i can get my hands on Redline....Amsoil doesn't seem as attractive.
Cant afford a screw up, I drive my family around in this car often.
You remember specifically what you used in that 99 TL so i can make some comparisons?
Cant afford a screw up, I drive my family around in this car often.
You remember specifically what you used in that 99 TL so i can make some comparisons?
All type f fluids will shift the same. I used a no name brand in the '99. Both amsoil and redline are great. Redline has a slight edge on the type of base oil. They are so close that I would use whichever one is more convienent.
Would be great to have more 2G owners chime in. It'll be a few days till i can get my hands on Redline....Amsoil doesn't seem as attractive.
Cant afford a screw up, I drive my family around in this car often.
You remember specifically what you used in that 99 TL so i can make some comparisons?
Cant afford a screw up, I drive my family around in this car often.
You remember specifically what you used in that 99 TL so i can make some comparisons?
The biggest difference will be the first drain and fill. After that you will still feel a difference each time but not as much.
The cooler line method is actually much better. If the 2g has a cooler you can have 100% new fluid using only 8 quarts of fluid where a 3x3 gives roughly 80% new fluid with 9 quarts.
gen2 lacks a seperate external cooler,,maybe thats why acura made the 3x3
plan-
which according to the book: is for IF you add any amount of dextron3 to the system,
it must all be washed out with a full change.. plus some
IHC- how much type F is dex3?
plan-
which according to the book: is for IF you add any amount of dextron3 to the system,
it must all be washed out with a full change.. plus some
IHC- how much type F is dex3?
01, Have you used Redline's ATF? I think I read earlier in the thread you were going to get some.
I have a new trans with 40,000k miles. Ive been doing a 1x3 with Z1 every 10-15k miles with no problems. If redline is a better fluid Id like to give it a try.
I have a new trans with 40,000k miles. Ive been doing a 1x3 with Z1 every 10-15k miles with no problems. If redline is a better fluid Id like to give it a try.
Let me stress, Redline is probably the best out there but any Type F fluid will do. You don't have to pay $10 a quart, you can use the cheap stuff down at the autoparts store also.
The thing is, changing Z1 every 1,000 miles won't help. It's loaded with friction modifiers which make it a terrible fluid for these cars. You need to get rid of the friction modifiers with a type F fluid.
No friction modifiers. Friction modifiers are a "slipperiness" additive designed to soften shifts. They also greatly reduce holding power of the clutches. It would be like driving a 6mt with your foot on the clutch pedal the whole time.
Otherwise type f can be synthetic, dino, thick, thin, etc.
Otherwise type f can be synthetic, dino, thick, thin, etc.
Honda knows better what fluid is best for the tranny. The question is why do they keep using the z1. I am sure they didn't mean to use z1 so the tranny can go out sooner and cover the repair under warranty.
Friction Modifier, means adding additional additives and agents to the fluid. so, it costs more for honda to do so. Non FM, means cheaper in a sense as there no additional additives and agents. Let say Non FM is better, but wouldn't Honda worry about other parts going bad sooner if such additives and agens are not present.
Friction Modifier, means adding additional additives and agents to the fluid. so, it costs more for honda to do so. Non FM, means cheaper in a sense as there no additional additives and agents. Let say Non FM is better, but wouldn't Honda worry about other parts going bad sooner if such additives and agens are not present.
Honda knows better what fluid is best for the tranny. The question is why do they keep using the z1. I am sure they didn't mean to use z1 so the tranny can go out sooner and cover the repair under warranty.
Friction Modifier, means adding additional additives and agents to the fluid. so, it costs more for honda to do so. Non FM, means cheaper in a sense as there no additional additives and agents. Let say Non FM is better, but wouldn't Honda worry about other parts going bad sooner if such additives and agens are not present.
Friction Modifier, means adding additional additives and agents to the fluid. so, it costs more for honda to do so. Non FM, means cheaper in a sense as there no additional additives and agents. Let say Non FM is better, but wouldn't Honda worry about other parts going bad sooner if such additives and agens are not present.
Honda screwed up plain and simple. They have to know by now. Their new fluid seems to have a bit less FM in it. Too bad it took them 10 years. A manufacturer's goals are to sell cars. I can assure you that comfort comes before longevity.
I got rid of the Z1 by doing the Redline racing 3X3, let me tell you guys it transformed my car. You will love it. Shifts are quicker and it feels like I'm putting more power to the ground now. I am REALLY glad I did this. Many thanks to "I Hate Cars"! I think the way to go for the newbees is headers, CAI, lightweight crank pulley and a Redline 3X3.
Another day
Another day of searching and they do not have Amsoil Super Shift just the regular stuff and some other crap.
At the end I found some nice Asian guy who owns this performance/race shop who is going to order Redline if not Amsoil stuff for me. He says all they use in their manual race cars is non-slip stuff...i will further inquire.
Also, the local Canadian Tire shop wouldn't touch the car, I laughed cause the guy looked scared as he was telling me they were afraid to be the last ones to touch it, all i wanted was drain of 3 quart and fill 3 quart.
.
At the end I found some nice Asian guy who owns this performance/race shop who is going to order Redline if not Amsoil stuff for me. He says all they use in their manual race cars is non-slip stuff...i will further inquire.
Also, the local Canadian Tire shop wouldn't touch the car, I laughed cause the guy looked scared as he was telling me they were afraid to be the last ones to touch it, all i wanted was drain of 3 quart and fill 3 quart.
.
Last edited by Sanyin; Jan 29, 2011 at 01:10 AM.
Another day of searching and they do not have Amsoil Super Shift just the regular stuff and some other crap.
At the end I found some nice Asian guy who owns this performance/race shop who is going to order Redline if not Amsoil stuff for me. He says all they use in their manual race cars is non-slip stuff...i will further inquire.
Also, the local Canadian Tire shop wouldn't touch the car, I laughed cause the guy looked scared as he was telling me they were afraid to be the last ones to touch it, all i wanted was drain of 3 quart and fill 3 quart.
.
At the end I found some nice Asian guy who owns this performance/race shop who is going to order Redline if not Amsoil stuff for me. He says all they use in their manual race cars is non-slip stuff...i will further inquire.
Also, the local Canadian Tire shop wouldn't touch the car, I laughed cause the guy looked scared as he was telling me they were afraid to be the last ones to touch it, all i wanted was drain of 3 quart and fill 3 quart.
.
Ok, I put in 3 quarts of Amsoil Super Shift. Been a while but we were snowed in pretty hard so couldnt test things till now. Everything seems a little tighter, shifts are smoother...i do notice it revs a little high before shifting but thats not too bad at all. There is no more shudder and I have done my best to make it shudder but it didnt, that is awesome. Gonna post more when i get more time and maybe do another 1x3...
Hey IHC thank you for all the advice on this issue. I only had one question. On the 99 that you were working on, was he throwing any tranny codes? I have a lot of the same symptoms but just got the P0740 code. I have had no shutter issues but I do get the lag between shifts. Hoping that a 3x3, pressure switch change and cleaning the solenoid screens may clear that code. Just wondering if its worth it at this point. Thanks again for all your advice
I did a 1x3 of Amsoil Super Shift a week ago. Then another 1x3 just yesterday. The first eliminated shudder and a little flare and the second reduced the flare a little more.
Things are much improved...no more shudder, smoother shifts, and I went for a 120km trip last night and shifts were way more consistent/improved start to end.
So: From what I figured out------------------------------------
- Delayed shifting (time between gears)
+ Fixed with 3rd/4th pressure switch replacement a while back.
- Shudder/Flare/Crappy Shifting on long trip
+ Fixed with 2x3 (so far) Amsoil Super Shift trans fluid.
This is on a 2000 TL with 205k.---------------------------------
The best thing of all I can drive without easing off the accelerator to make it shift without shudder.
Thanks to all especially IHC for all the help. Hopefully this lasts.
.
Last edited by Sanyin; Feb 9, 2011 at 04:08 PM.
that part when the rpm increases is called Slipping--
ease off the throttle and let the trans engage when it happens
you are describing worn clutch pack issues--be gentle and start thinking about your options
when its a problem after driving a while- thats clutch material clogging the TC outlet screen filters and not letting fluid flow--let it rest 30-60 minutes and it will drive again until crud clogs..
try another 3 qts of new fluid and the external trans filter- if not replaced yet
trans capacity is 7.3 so you are still carrying old fluid mixed with good new fluid
ease off the throttle and let the trans engage when it happens
you are describing worn clutch pack issues--be gentle and start thinking about your options
when its a problem after driving a while- thats clutch material clogging the TC outlet screen filters and not letting fluid flow--let it rest 30-60 minutes and it will drive again until crud clogs..
try another 3 qts of new fluid and the external trans filter- if not replaced yet
trans capacity is 7.3 so you are still carrying old fluid mixed with good new fluid
Last edited by 01tl4tl; Feb 9, 2011 at 07:08 PM.
The RPMs increases if you accelerate harder getting more power out of the gear, the car delays the shifts to do this. If you let off the accelerator the car senses that you not trying to accelerate as hard and shifts up earlier. If there was that much slip wouldn't there be shudder instead of a smooth shift?
What is average shift on your car?
For me at average accel:
1-2 @15-20km/h 2400rpm
2-3 @40km/h 2500rpm
3-4 @55-60km/h 2500rpm
4-5 @ about 80-90km/h simmilar RPMs
These are just what I noticed most of the time, they vary of course with acceleration and such.
What is average shift on your car?
For me at average accel:
1-2 @15-20km/h 2400rpm
2-3 @40km/h 2500rpm
3-4 @55-60km/h 2500rpm
4-5 @ about 80-90km/h simmilar RPMs
These are just what I noticed most of the time, they vary of course with acceleration and such.

